Acoso sexual
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.16925/2145-9649.2020.02.05Palabras clave:
acoso sexual, evaluación forense, acecho, evaluación psiquiátrica, ciencias forensesResumen
El acoso sexual es un conjunto de conductas físicas, verbales o no verbales de naturaleza sexual que tienen como efecto una afrenta a la dignidad de una persona creando intimidación, hostilidad, humillación, ofensa o un ambiente degradante. El código penal colombiano contempla cuatro condiciones para considerar una conducta como acoso sexual: primero, demostrar que la víctima ha sido acosada, perseguida, hostigada o asediada; segundo, los fines sexuales en favor del victimario o de otros; tercero, que no haya consentimiento de la víctima; cuarto, una relación de desequilibrio de poder a favor del victimario. Las recomendaciones propuestas para la evaluación forense incluyen el encuadre en el contexto sociocultural, la toma de un relato que evidencie la huella psíquica y los efectos emocionales, sociales y físicos del acoso sexual; el cierre de la entrevista donde se intervienen las heridas psíquicas consecuencia del acoso que pudieron abrirse con la exploración psicológica sin revictimizar; realización de un informe pericial sucinto y claro reportando a la autoridad si hay riesgo vital, las recomendaciones de tratamiento y si se sospecha de que el alegato de acoso sexual es ficticio.
Referencias bibliográficas
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2. Congreso de Colombia. Ley 1236 de 2008 [Internet]. Diario Oficial 47.059. 2008 [citado 2008 May 3]. Available from: http://www.oas.org/dil/esp/ley_1236_de_2008_colombia.pdf
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5. 97% de denuncias por acoso sexual en Colombia son archivadas [Internet]. La FM. [citado 2018 Apr 10]. Available from: https://www.lafm.com.co/colombia/97-denuncias-acoso-sexual-colombia-archivadas
6. Avina C, O’Donohue W. Sexual harassment and PTSD: Is sexual harassment diagnosable trauma? J Trauma Stress. 2002; 15(1):69–75.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014387429057
7. Friborg MK, Hansen J V., Aldrich PT, Folker AP, Kjær S, Nielsen MBD, et al. Workplace sexual harassment and depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis comparing harassment from clients or customers to harassment from other employees amongst 7603 Danish employees from 1041 organizations. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1):675.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4669-x
8. Agencia de derechos fundamentales de la Unión Europea. Violencia de género contra las mujeres: una encuesta a escala de la UE [Internet]. Macroencuesta fra 2014. 2014 [citado 2018 May 2]. Available from: http://www.infocop.es/pdf/MacroencuestaFRA2014.pd
9. Corte suprema de justicia de Colombia. SENTENCIA SP107-2018 [Internet]. Boletin Jurisprudencial. 2018 [citado 2018 Apr 11]. Disponible en: www.cortesuprema.gov.co/corte/wp-content/.../b2feb2018/SP107-2018(49799).doc
10. Lee SK, Song JE, Kim S. Experience and perception of sexual harassment during the clinical practice of Korean nursing students. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2011; 5 (3):170–6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2011.09.003
11. Nielsen MBD, Kjær S, Aldrich PT, Madsen IEH, Friborg MK, Rugulies R, et al. Sexual harassment in care work – Dilemmas and consequences: A qualitative investigation. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017;70:122–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.018
12. Schwartz SL, Hunt JS. Considering her circumstances: How ethnicity and cultural relativist arguments affect sexual harassment judgments by undergraduate and community mock jurors. Behav Sci Law. 2011;29(3):419–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.972
13. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses. Protocolo evaluación básica de pericias psiquiátricas y psicológicas forenses [Internet]. Normalización Forense. 2009 [citado 2018 May 18]. Disponible en: http://www.medicinalegal.gov.co/documents/20143/40693/Protocolo+evaluación+básica+en+psiquiatría+y+psicología+forenses..pdf/84e68ebc-ad7f-ec85-241a-b07edbe95228
14. Feldman-Schorrig S. Need for expansion of forensic psychiatrists’ role in sexual harassment cases [Internet]. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1995; (23): 513–22. Available from: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029560724&partnerID=tZOtx3y1
15. Binder R. Sexual harassment: issues for forensic psychiatrists. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1992;20(4):409–18.
16. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses. Guia para la realización de pericias psiquiátricas o psicológicas forenses en adultos víctimas de delitos sexuales [Internet]. Normalización Forense. 2013 [citado 2018 May 19]. Available from: http://www.medicinalegal.gov.co/documents/20143/40473/Guía+para+la+realización+de+pericias+psiquiátricas+o+psicológicas+forenses+en+adultos+víctimas+de+delitos+sexuales.pdf/d4653c4b-961d-5d44-a9df-cdc8f7733f7e
17. van Lieshout S, Mevissen FE, van Breukelen G, Jonker M RR. Make a Move: A Comprehensive Effect Evaluation of a Sexual Harassment Prevention Program in Dutch Residential Youth Care. [Internet]. J Interpers Violence. 2016 [citado 2018 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27352792
18. Moya-Garófano A, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Moya M, Megías JL. Stranger Harassment (“Piropo”) and Women’s Self-Objectification: The Role of Anger, Happiness, and Empowerment. Journal of Interpers Violence. 2018; 0886260518760258. Doi: 10.1177/0886260518760258.
19. Gervais SJ, Vescio TK, Allen J. When what you see is what you get: The consequences of the objectifying gaze for women and men. Psychol Women Q. 2010; 35(1):5–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310386121
20. Mushtaq M, Sultana S, Imtiaz I. The trauma of sexual harassment and its mental health consequences among nurses. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2015; 25(9):675–9.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mamoona_Mushtaq2/publication/282037857_The_Trauma_of_Sexual_Harassment_and_its_Mental_Health_Consequences_Among_Nurses/links/574b153408ae2e0dd301a009/The-Trauma-of-Sexual-Harassment-and-its-Mental-Health-Consequences-Among-Nurses.pdf
21. McGinley M, Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, Liu L, Richman JA. Risk factors and outcomes of chronic sexual harassment during the transition to college: Examination of a two-part growth mixture model. Soc Sci Res. 2016; 60:297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.04.002
22. Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, Colaneri AS. Sexual Harassment, Psychological Distress, and Problematic Drinking Behavior Among College Students: An Examination of Reciprocal Causal Relations. J Sex Res. 2017;54(3):362–73.
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143439
23. McLaughlin H, Uggen C, Blackstone A. The Economic and Career Effects of Sexual Harassment on Working Women. Gend Soc. 2017;31(3):333–58.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217704631
24. Gruber JE, Fineran S. Comparing the impact of bullying and sexual harassment victimization on the mental and physical health of adolescents. Sex Roles. 2008; 59 (1–2):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9431-5
25. Rosman JP, McDonald Jr. JJ. Forensic aspects of sexual harassment. Psychiatr clin north am. 1999;(1):129–45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70064-2
26. Karami A., White CN, Ford K, Swan S, Spinel M. Unwanted advances in higher education: Uncovering sexual harassment experiences in academia with text mining. Information Processing & Management. 2020; 57(2): 102167. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102167
27. Scorgie F, Baron D, Stadler J, Venables E, Brahmbhatt H, Mmari K, et al. From fear to resilience: Adolescents’ experiences of violence in inner-city Johannesburg, South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17 (3): 51-64.
28. Feldman-Schorrig S. Factitious sexual harassment. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law [Internet]. 1996; 24 (3):387–92. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8889137
29. Bales A, Spar J. The Psychodynamics of Factitious Sexual Harassment Claims. Psychiatry, Psychol Law. 2016; 23(3):388–94.
DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2015.1055854
2. Congreso de Colombia. Ley 1236 de 2008 [Internet]. Diario Oficial 47.059. 2008 [citado 2008 May 3]. Available from: http://www.oas.org/dil/esp/ley_1236_de_2008_colombia.pdf
3. Real Academia Española. Diccionario de la lengua española. [Internet]. 2017 [citado 2018 Apr 8]. Available from: http://dle.rae.es/?id=0ZpEHg5
4. The european parliament and the council of the european union. The implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast) [Internet]. Official Journal of the European Union. 2006 [citado 2018 Apr 9].Available from: http:/0/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=%0ACELEX%3A32006L0054%0A
5. 97% de denuncias por acoso sexual en Colombia son archivadas [Internet]. La FM. [citado 2018 Apr 10]. Available from: https://www.lafm.com.co/colombia/97-denuncias-acoso-sexual-colombia-archivadas
6. Avina C, O’Donohue W. Sexual harassment and PTSD: Is sexual harassment diagnosable trauma? J Trauma Stress. 2002; 15(1):69–75.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014387429057
7. Friborg MK, Hansen J V., Aldrich PT, Folker AP, Kjær S, Nielsen MBD, et al. Workplace sexual harassment and depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis comparing harassment from clients or customers to harassment from other employees amongst 7603 Danish employees from 1041 organizations. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1):675.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4669-x
8. Agencia de derechos fundamentales de la Unión Europea. Violencia de género contra las mujeres: una encuesta a escala de la UE [Internet]. Macroencuesta fra 2014. 2014 [citado 2018 May 2]. Available from: http://www.infocop.es/pdf/MacroencuestaFRA2014.pd
9. Corte suprema de justicia de Colombia. SENTENCIA SP107-2018 [Internet]. Boletin Jurisprudencial. 2018 [citado 2018 Apr 11]. Disponible en: www.cortesuprema.gov.co/corte/wp-content/.../b2feb2018/SP107-2018(49799).doc
10. Lee SK, Song JE, Kim S. Experience and perception of sexual harassment during the clinical practice of Korean nursing students. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2011; 5 (3):170–6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2011.09.003
11. Nielsen MBD, Kjær S, Aldrich PT, Madsen IEH, Friborg MK, Rugulies R, et al. Sexual harassment in care work – Dilemmas and consequences: A qualitative investigation. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017;70:122–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.018
12. Schwartz SL, Hunt JS. Considering her circumstances: How ethnicity and cultural relativist arguments affect sexual harassment judgments by undergraduate and community mock jurors. Behav Sci Law. 2011;29(3):419–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.972
13. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses. Protocolo evaluación básica de pericias psiquiátricas y psicológicas forenses [Internet]. Normalización Forense. 2009 [citado 2018 May 18]. Disponible en: http://www.medicinalegal.gov.co/documents/20143/40693/Protocolo+evaluación+básica+en+psiquiatría+y+psicología+forenses..pdf/84e68ebc-ad7f-ec85-241a-b07edbe95228
14. Feldman-Schorrig S. Need for expansion of forensic psychiatrists’ role in sexual harassment cases [Internet]. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1995; (23): 513–22. Available from: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0029560724&partnerID=tZOtx3y1
15. Binder R. Sexual harassment: issues for forensic psychiatrists. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1992;20(4):409–18.
16. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses. Guia para la realización de pericias psiquiátricas o psicológicas forenses en adultos víctimas de delitos sexuales [Internet]. Normalización Forense. 2013 [citado 2018 May 19]. Available from: http://www.medicinalegal.gov.co/documents/20143/40473/Guía+para+la+realización+de+pericias+psiquiátricas+o+psicológicas+forenses+en+adultos+víctimas+de+delitos+sexuales.pdf/d4653c4b-961d-5d44-a9df-cdc8f7733f7e
17. van Lieshout S, Mevissen FE, van Breukelen G, Jonker M RR. Make a Move: A Comprehensive Effect Evaluation of a Sexual Harassment Prevention Program in Dutch Residential Youth Care. [Internet]. J Interpers Violence. 2016 [citado 2018 Apr 14]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27352792
18. Moya-Garófano A, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Moya M, Megías JL. Stranger Harassment (“Piropo”) and Women’s Self-Objectification: The Role of Anger, Happiness, and Empowerment. Journal of Interpers Violence. 2018; 0886260518760258. Doi: 10.1177/0886260518760258.
19. Gervais SJ, Vescio TK, Allen J. When what you see is what you get: The consequences of the objectifying gaze for women and men. Psychol Women Q. 2010; 35(1):5–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684310386121
20. Mushtaq M, Sultana S, Imtiaz I. The trauma of sexual harassment and its mental health consequences among nurses. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2015; 25(9):675–9.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mamoona_Mushtaq2/publication/282037857_The_Trauma_of_Sexual_Harassment_and_its_Mental_Health_Consequences_Among_Nurses/links/574b153408ae2e0dd301a009/The-Trauma-of-Sexual-Harassment-and-its-Mental-Health-Consequences-Among-Nurses.pdf
21. McGinley M, Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, Liu L, Richman JA. Risk factors and outcomes of chronic sexual harassment during the transition to college: Examination of a two-part growth mixture model. Soc Sci Res. 2016; 60:297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.04.002
22. Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, Colaneri AS. Sexual Harassment, Psychological Distress, and Problematic Drinking Behavior Among College Students: An Examination of Reciprocal Causal Relations. J Sex Res. 2017;54(3):362–73.
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143439
23. McLaughlin H, Uggen C, Blackstone A. The Economic and Career Effects of Sexual Harassment on Working Women. Gend Soc. 2017;31(3):333–58.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243217704631
24. Gruber JE, Fineran S. Comparing the impact of bullying and sexual harassment victimization on the mental and physical health of adolescents. Sex Roles. 2008; 59 (1–2):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9431-5
25. Rosman JP, McDonald Jr. JJ. Forensic aspects of sexual harassment. Psychiatr clin north am. 1999;(1):129–45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70064-2
26. Karami A., White CN, Ford K, Swan S, Spinel M. Unwanted advances in higher education: Uncovering sexual harassment experiences in academia with text mining. Information Processing & Management. 2020; 57(2): 102167. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102167
27. Scorgie F, Baron D, Stadler J, Venables E, Brahmbhatt H, Mmari K, et al. From fear to resilience: Adolescents’ experiences of violence in inner-city Johannesburg, South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17 (3): 51-64.
28. Feldman-Schorrig S. Factitious sexual harassment. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law [Internet]. 1996; 24 (3):387–92. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8889137
29. Bales A, Spar J. The Psychodynamics of Factitious Sexual Harassment Claims. Psychiatry, Psychol Law. 2016; 23(3):388–94.
DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2015.1055854
Cómo citar
1.
Cabeza-Monroy G, Perea-Fernandez I. Acoso sexual. Antistio Rev. Cient. INMLCF Colomb. [Internet]. 8 de agosto de 2022 [citado 6 de diciembre de 2025];7(2):1-12. Disponible en: https://revistasforensesmedicinalegalgovco.biteca.online/index.php/an/article/view/3674
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08-08-2022
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Derechos de autor 2020 Colombia Forense
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
